Exoskeleton Training
FDA-approved (Ekso, ReWalk, Indego). Enables stepping in complete SCI. No superiority over intensive conventional gait training in ambulatory populations.
Enables upright mobility and stepping in complete SCI; for ambulatory patients with partial injury, not superior to conventional.
Extremely limited by equipment access and patient eligibility; applicable mainly in research or SCI/stroke centers.
Very limited insurance coverage; some workers comp and select commercial beginning to cover; primarily research or cash-pay settings.
Device-specific manufacturer training; requires institutional access to exoskeleton system.
Growing interest but very limited current employer demand; primarily research hospitals and specialized centers.
High psychological value of upright posture for wheelchair users; fatigue and safety concerns limit enthusiasm.
SCI/stroke families pay cash for gait time; market is small but motivated.
Novelty and capital cost support premium per-session pricing.
Very few clinics own exoskeletons; strong differentiation.
Equipment-driven; staff can be trained, though caseload is limited.
Niche neuro population; broader consumer demand is modest.
Vendor training is short, but device cost ($75-150K) is prohibitive.
Valued in neuro rehab research labs; not a standalone promotion criterion.
Growing literature in SCI and stroke gait recovery.
Useful for neuro rehab and rehab technology coursework.
Mixed; improvements documented but long-term functional gains debated.
Rarely a posting requirement; relevant to research-active programs.
Training is fast, but academic payoff depends on institutional equipment access.
Ekso, ReWalk, Indego, and Wandercraft hire clinical specialists and trainers.
Small vendor pool but each has dedicated clinical-specialist roles.
Moderate premium for device-specialist roles at robotics vendors.
Builds genuine familiarity with robotic gait device mechanics and patient programming.
Direct bridge into medical-robotics industry roles.
High training investment relative to small vendor market.
- 01DOI ↗Effects of lower-extremity exoskeleton robot-assisted dual-task training versus walking training on gait and postural control after stroke: A randomized controlled trialT. Zhang; J. Zheng; J. Tao; Y. Xu; X. Zhang; C. Chen; D. Liao; X. Li · PM R · 2025RCTdoi:10.1002/pmrj.13419
- 02DOI ↗Augmented Effect of Combined Robotic Assisted Gait Training and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation-irradiation Technique on Muscle Activation and Ankle Kinematics in Hemiparetic Gait: A Preliminary StudyB. Yoon; S. Park; S. Oh; J. S. H. You · NeuroRehabilitation · 2025Otherdoi:10.1177/10538135241296733
- 03DOI ↗Differential Neuronal Network Remodeling Induced by Passive and Assistive Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Robot Training in Stroke: A Randomized Controlled TrialH. Xie; X. Li; Q. Tan; Y. Xie; Z. Li; M. Zhang; Z. Dou · Arch Phys Med Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.08.021
- 04DOI ↗80N as the Optimal Assistive Threshold for Wearable Exoskeleton-Mediated Gait Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Biomarker Validation StudyX. Wei; J. Sun; G. Lu; J. Liu; J. Yan; X. Wei; H. Cai; B. Luo; W. Dong; L. Zhao; C. Qiu; W. Zhang; Y. Pan · Healthcare (Basel) · 2025Cohort studydoi:10.3390/healthcare13070799
- 05DOI ↗Synergistic integration of epidural spinal cord stimulation with robotic therapy and neurorehabilitation to facilitate functional recovery in chronic sensorimotor complete spinal cord injury: A case seriesS. K. Wee; Z. Y. N. Valerie; M. W. Phua; W. L. Lui; F. Misbaah; R. X. J. Ker; W. H. Ng; K. Rui Wan · Adv Rehabil Sci Pract · 2025Case seriesdoi:10.1177/27536351251343738
- 06DOI ↗Robot-assisted gait training for individuals with severe acquired brain injury: a scoping reviewV. Wagner; J. Rud Sorensen; C. Kruuse; I. Poulsen; F. Biering-Sorensen; C. G. Riberholt · Brain Inj · 2025Systematic reviewdoi:10.1080/02699052.2025.2490285
- 07DOI ↗Robot-assisted gait training in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized comparative studyS. E. O. Tekes; B. Sonel Tur; S. Kutlay; D. Gokmen; A. Ciftci · Dev Neurorehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1080/17518423.2025.2533218
- 08DOI ↗Application of computerised interactive devices for stroke patients with hemispatial neglectI. Tavaszi; G. Szabo; P. Erdosi; B. Shenker; G. Fazekas · Ideggyogy Sz · 2025Otherdoi:10.18071/isz.77.0107
- 09DOI ↗Single Joint Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-SJ) robotic exoskeleton therapy in improving functional outcomes among workers with wrist fractures: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trialE. W. Tan; S. C. Chai; Y. Sankai; M. Shingu; N. A. Razaob; H. Hussain · PLoS One · 2025RCTdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322191
- 10DOI ↗Overground robotic exoskeleton vs conventional therapy in inpatient stroke rehabilitation: results from a pragmatic, multicentre implementation programmeP. K. Tam; N. Tang; N. S. B. Kamsani; T. Y. Yap; I. Coffey-Aladdin; S. M. Goh; J. P. P. Tan; Y. C. Lui; R. L. Lee; R. Suresh; E. Chew · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025Otherdoi:10.1186/s12984-024-01536-1
- 11DOI ↗Exploring New Tools in Upper Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke Using an Exoskeletal Aid: A Pilot Randomized Control StudyP. Syringas; V. Potsika; N. Tachos; A. Pardalis; C. Papaioannou; A. Mitsis; E. E. Pakos; O. N. Zestas; G. Papagiannis; A. Triantafyllou; N. D. Tselikas; K. G. Yiannopoulou; G. Papathanasiou; G. Georgoudis; D. Bakalidou; M. Kyriakidou; P. Gkrilias; I. Kakkos; G. K. Matsopoulos; D. I. Fotiadis · Healthcare (Basel) · 2025RCTdoi:10.3390/healthcare13010091
- 12DOI ↗Overground Robotic Exoskeleton Gait Training in People With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury During Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Randomized Control TrialC. Swank; J. Gillespie; D. Arnold; L. Wynne; M. Bennett; F. Meza; C. Ochoa; L. Callender; S. Sikka; S. Driver · Arch Phys Med Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.04.015
- 13DOI ↗Effectiveness of a Passive Hip Exoskeleton (ExoBand, by Moveo, Padova, Italy) in Improving Walking Speed After the Rehabilitation of Patients with Neurological DiseasesC. Semplicini; S. Cimino; A. Gerardi; G. Marcolin; F. A. Panizzolo · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · 2025Otherdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.01.104
- 14DOI ↗Experiences of using an exoskeleton by care professionals in elderly care: A descriptive qualitative studyU. Roentgen; M. Lexis; F. Roost; R. Daniëls · Technology and Disability · 2025Qualitativedoi:10.1177/10554181241301906
- 15DOI ↗Randomized, crossover clinical trial on the safety, feasibility, and usability of the ABLE exoskeleton: A comparative study with knee-ankle-foot orthosesA. Rodriguez-Fernandez; J. Lobo-Prat; M. Tolra-Campanya; F. Perez-Canabate; J. M. Font-Llagunes; L. Guirao-Cano · PLoS One · 2025RCTdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318039
- 16DOI ↗Effects of robot-assisted gait training on trunk symmetry improvement in patients with chronic hemiplegia: A randomized, single-blind clinical trialY. H. Rha; J. B. Shin; J. H. Choi; S. Min Im; I. K. Shin · Hum Mov Sci · 2025RCTdoi:10.1016/j.humov.2025.103339
- 17DOI ↗Unveiling the underlying motor control mechanism of arm-trunk-leg coordinated humanoid exoskeletal interlimb locomotor robotic neurorehabilitationS. Park; W. Oh; C. Park; J. H. You · NeuroRehabilitation: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal · 2025Otherdoi:10.1177/10538135241293279
- 18DOI ↗Gait Training with Robotic Exoskeleton: A Case Report on the Treatment of Neurological Patients with AtaxiaM. Morrow; A. Thorn; M. Morrow · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · 2025Case seriesdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.01.069
- 19DOI ↗Evaluation of the effectiveness of Lokomat® robot-assisted gait training in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic reviewA. Martino Cinnera; I. Ciancarelli; T. Paolucci; A. Merla; M. Di Nicola; D. Perpetuini; M. D'Arienzo; G. Genovesi; A. Moretti; E. F. Russo; M. T. Gatta; F. Gimigliano; D. Cardone; G. Morone · NeuroRehabilitation: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal · 2025Systematic reviewdoi:10.1177/10538135241296010
- 20DOI ↗The Effectiveness of Robotic Constraint Lokomat Training on Gait Rehabilitation in Saudi Females Patients with Stroke: A Randomized Controlled TrialH. Mahmoud; E. A. El-Kafy; M. S. Alayat; K. M. Shalabi; A. A. Ebid; A. A. R. El Fiky · NeuroRehabilitation · 2025RCTdoi:10.1177/10538135251333349
- 21DOI ↗Effect of the Kickstart exoskeleton lower extremity walking system on improving lower extremity walking ability in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trialC. Liang; C. Wan; J. Yang; X. Shen; C. Yu; Y. Shao; P. Che; Y. Zhang; Y. Li · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01676-y
- 22DOI ↗A novel real-time assistive hip-wearable exoskeleton robot based on motion prediction for lower extremity rehabilitation in subacute stroke: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trialY. Li; S. Luo; R. Luo; H. Liu · BMC Neurol · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s12883-025-04437-5
- 23DOI ↗Effects of different exercises on improving gait performance in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysisY. Li; J. Huang; J. Wang; Y. Cheng · Front Aging Neurosci · 2025Meta-analysisdoi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1496112
- 24DOI ↗Neural mechanisms underlying the improvement of gait disturbances in stroke patients through robot-assisted gait training based on QEEG and fNIRS: a randomized controlled studyX. Li; H. Zhang; W. Zhang; J. Wu; L. Dai; N. Long; T. Jin; L. Gu; J. Chen · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01656-2
- 25DOI ↗Hands-free Atalante exoskeleton in post-stroke gait and balance rehabilitation: a safety studyT. Lejeune; D. Nuic; S. Dehem; J. G. Previnaire; C. Cuenot; T. Debugne; J. Kaps; B. Paul; V. Pean; S. S. Perez; F. Juhel; S. Tatsidou; J. Kerdraon · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025Otherdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01621-z
- 26DOI ↗Effect of Wearable Exoskeleton Robots on Muscle Activation and Gait Parameters on a Treadmill: A Randomized Controlled TrialK. J. Lee; Y. G. Nam; J. H. Yu; J. S. Kim · Healthcare (Basel) · 2025RCTdoi:10.3390/healthcare13070700
- 27DOI ↗Enhancing Hand Motor Recovery Poststroke: A Comparative Study of Robotic vs Conventional Mirror TherapyS. Kurniawan; H. Mubarak; N. Sam; Y. Waluyo; A. A. Zainuddin; A. A. Mochtar · Arch Phys Med Rehabil · 2025Otherdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.11.008
- 28DOI ↗Loss of Joint Individuation and Abnormal Synergy Post Stroke in Upper Limb MovementsK. Koh; G. Oppizzi; R. Baghi; G. J. Kehs; L. Q. Zhang · Neurorehabil Neural Repair · 2025Otherdoi:10.1177/15459683251340914
- 29DOI ↗Effect of Wearable Robot-Assisted Gait Training on Balance and Walking Ability in Subacute Stroke PatientsY. Kim; S. Baek; R. P. Suram; R. Fatima; S. L. An; Y. Hong · Am J Phys Med Rehabil · 2025Otherdoi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000002735
- 30DOI ↗High-intensity interval training with robot-assisted gait therapy vs. treadmill gait therapy in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trialJ. Kim; J. Do; C. R. Bae; Y. H. Mo; J. H. Kim; D. Y. Kim · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01674-0
- 31DOI ↗A Soft Robotic Sleeve for Physiotherapy: Improving Elbow Rehabilitation in Baseball PitchersM. U. A. Khan; H. M. S. Ajmal; H. A. Hassan; A. Azam; E. Malik · Physiother Res Int · 2025Otherdoi:10.1002/pri.70025
- 32DOI ↗Robot-assisted gait training for improved gait independence in individuals with acute hemiparetic stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trialD. Kato; S. Hirano; D. Imoto; T. Ii; D. Matsuura; T. Ishihara; Y. Otaka · Pilot Feasibility Stud · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s40814-025-01694-6
- 33DOI ↗Effects of Robot-Assisted Gait Training on Balance and Fear of Falling in Patients With Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Clinical TrialM. S. Gunduz; R. Mustafaoglu; I. H. Ural · Am J Phys Med Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000002674
- 34DOI ↗Early end-effector-based gait training in non-ambulatory patients with visuospatial neglect after subacute strokeA. Gorsler; D. Ernst; U. Grittner; D. Harnack; P. Kossmehl; J. Mehrholz; C. Mueske; P. Schneider; N. Kuelzow · Front Neurol · 2025Otherdoi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1639659
- 35DOI ↗AGREE: an upper limb motorized exoskeleton for restoring arm functions: a single-blinded randomized controlled trialM. Gandolla; B. Luciani; V. Longatelli; P. Tropea; A. Seregni; M. Corbo; F. Braghin; A. Pedrocchi · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01651-7
- 36DOI ↗Effects of exoskeleton rehabilitation robot training on neuroplasticity and lower limb motor function in patients with strokeT. Fan; P. Zheng; X. Zhang; Z. Gong; Y. Shi; M. Wei; J. Zhou; L. He; S. Li; Q. Zeng; P. Lu; Y. Zhao; J. Zou; R. Chen; Z. Peng; C. Xu; P. Cao; G. Huang · BMC Neurol · 2025Otherdoi:10.1186/s12883-025-04203-7
- 37DOI ↗Effect of robotic-assisted gait training on functional independence measure scores in patients with acquired brain injury: retrospective studyA. M. Ethier; L. A. Escalante; N. West; C. M. Kwasnica · Front Rehabil Sci · 2025Otherdoi:10.3389/fresc.2025.1575148
- 38DOI ↗Spinal cord status assessment and early interventional personalized rehabilitation after endoscopic surgery for cervical compressive myelopathy: a randomized trialY. Ding; F. Lou; R. Cao; Z. Lu; G. Yang; Q. Jiang; M. Shuai; Y. Zhong · Spine J · 2025RCTdoi:10.1016/j.spinee.2025.05.024
- 39DOI ↗Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic-assisted body weight-supported treadmill training enhances motor score and gait recovery in incomplete spinal cord injury: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trialN. Comino-Suarez; J. C. Moreno; A. Megia-Garcia; A. J. Del-Ama; D. Serrano-Munoz; J. Avendano-Coy; A. Gil-Agudo; M. Alcobendas-Maestro; E. Lopez-Lopez; J. Gomez-Soriano · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01545-8
- 40DOI ↗Neurorehabilitation in spinal cord injury: Increased cortical activity through tDCS and robotic gait trainingD. B. Coelho; A. C. Aquino Dos Santos; J. R. Sato; M. Simis; F. Fregni; L. R. Battistella · Clin Neurophysiol · 2025Otherdoi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.03.027
- 41DOI ↗Relevance of Leg Rehabilitation to Modulating Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Systematic ReviewG. Ciardi; D. Giraudo; M. Fontana; C. Citterio; P. Gandolfi; G. Lamberti · Bioengineering (Basel) · 2025Systematic reviewdoi:10.3390/bioengineering12020127
- 42DOI ↗Robotic assisted and exoskeleton gait training effect in mental health and fatigue of multiple sclerosis patients. A systematic review and a meta-analysisV. N. Christodoulou; D. N. Varvarousis; G. Ntritsos; D. Dimopoulos; N. Giannakeas; G. I. Vasileiadis; A. Korompilias; A. Ploumis · Disabil Rehabil · 2025Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2338197
- 43DOI ↗Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Older Patients with Comorbid Conditions: A Pilot StudyS. I. Choi; S. J. Lim; N. Y. Kim · Exp Aging Res · 2025Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1080/0361073X.2025.2459546
- 44DOI ↗A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke PatientsZ. Chen; Q. Li; Y. Zheng; H. Zhang; L. Chen · J Vis Exp · 2025Otherdoi:10.3791/67342
- 45DOI ↗Interim results of exoskeletal wearable robot for gait recovery in subacute stroke patientsW. H. Chang; T. W. Kim; H. S. Kim; F. A. Hanapiah; J. W. Lee; S. H. Han; C. W. Jia; D. H. Kim; D. Y. Kim · Sci Rep · 2025Otherdoi:10.1038/s41598-025-96084-6
- 46DOI ↗Therapists' perspective on acceptance of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation in a middle-income country: a study from VietnamH. L. Cao; D. D. Pham; T. H. Luu; P. H. Le; Q. T. Nguyen; T. P. T. Thien; P. M. Nguyen; H. D. Nguyen; C. N. Nguyen · Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol · 2025Narrative reviewdoi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2378057
- 47DOI ↗Robot-assisted gait training after severe traumatic brain injury for walking ability and social participation: protocol for a feasibility studyJ. C. Buarque; A. Boening; G. C. Santana; F. Areas · BMJ Open · 2025Study protocoldoi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094361
- 48DOI ↗Metabolic intensity of gait training approaches in adults with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: A substudy of a large randomized controlled trialK. D. Bosteder; N. Chand; D. Arnold; J. Gillespie; L. Wynne; S. Baltz; M. Bennett; F. Meza; S. Sikka; S. Driver; C. Swank · PM R · 2025RCTdoi:10.1002/pmrj.70007
- 49DOI ↗Physiological and perceptual demand of gait training on inpatient physiotherapistsK. D. Bosteder; D. Arnold; J. Gillespie; N. Chand; S. Merkle; M. McCorkle; M. Bennett; S. Sikka; R. Dubiel; S. Driver; C. Swank · Clin Rehabil · 2025Otherdoi:10.1177/02692155251334286
- 50DOI ↗Metabolic Intensity of Overground Robotic Exoskeleton Gait Training Among Patients with Subacute Spinal Cord InjuryK. Bosteder; M. Benning; M. Bennett; S. Baltz; F. Meza; S. Sikka; R. Dubiel; S. Driver; C. Swank · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · 2025Otherdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.01.189
- 51DOI ↗Comparing Microprocessor-Controlled and Non-Microprocessor-Controlled Prosthetic Knees Across All Classified Domains of the ICF Model: A Pragmatic Clinical TrialC. E. Bosman; B. L. Seves; J. H. B. Geertzen; B. Fard; I. E. Newsum; M. A. Paping; A. H. Vrieling; C. K. van der Sluis · Prosthesis · 2025Otherdoi:10.3390/prosthesis7040089
- 52DOI ↗Low intensity interval robot-assisted gait training improves mobility in people with progressive multiple sclerosis: the PROGR-EX randomized controlled trialA. Baroni; N. Lamberti; G. Perachiotti; A. Crepaldi; G. Piva; F. Manfredini; S. Straudi · Mult Scler Relat Disord · 2025RCTdoi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106777
- 53DOI ↗Robotic versus treadmill training: Postural stability in ambulatory CP: RCT studyM. Aljosh; M. F. Algabbani; J. M. Fagehi; M. Bawazeer; M. A. Almohiza; A. M. Albishi; A. A. Alhusaini · Pediatr Int · 2025RCTdoi:10.1111/ped.70214
- 54DOI ↗Pragmatic recommendations to improve access to rehabilitation robots, assistive technologies and neurorehabilitation services in Africa: proceedings from ICORR-SASNET Ghana neurorehabilitation workshop, 2024E. Ad Adams; R. Riener; M. Bouri; I. Gunther; M. Olaogun; M. A. Komolafe; C. A. Ad Adams; A. Akpalu; M. W. Agoriwo; L. W. Ajavon; K. Ayodele; A. A. Sanusi; A. O. Idowu; A. Ogunmodede; B. O. Quao; K. X. Khor; A. Kamadu; S. C. Maholo; S. Halfon; U. C. Eke; S. O. Ayenowowon; E. A. Nelson; M. C. Barnes; P. Yeboah; P. A. Amoah; C. K. Dakpoe; M. O. Owolabi; M. J. Johnson · Frontiers in Stroke · 2025Otherdoi:10.3389/fstro.2025.1565651
- 55DOI ↗The effects of family directed power mobility on self-care, mobility, and social function in very young children with severe multiple developmental impairmentsJ. Aceros; G. M. Cesar; A. Rodriguez; M. Lundy · Front Rehabil Sci · 2025Otherdoi:10.3389/fresc.2025.1551536
- 56DOI ↗Comparison of Five Rehabilitation Interventions for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized TrialJ. Tollar; S. Kora; P. Kos; Z. Vadaszi; I. Drotar; P. Prukner; G. Wersenyi; T. Haidegger; T. Vetrovsky; T. Hortobagyi · J Clin Med · 2025RCTdoi:10.3390/jcm14051648
- 57DOI ↗Perspectives of Occupational Therapists Toward Robot-Assisted Therapy for Stroke Survivors: A Scoping ReviewC. Thawisuk; K. Inoue; N. Suyama; R. Miyadera; C. Bunyawat · Occup Ther Health Care · 2025Systematic reviewdoi:10.1080/07380577.2025.2560986
- 58DOI ↗Physiotherapists' User Acceptance of a Lower Limb Robotic Exoskeleton in Specialized Rehabilitation: Qualitative Exploratory StudyA. Olimb Hillkirk; K. Skavberg Roaldsen; H. M. Johnsen · JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol · 2025Qualitativedoi:10.2196/68233
- 59DOI ↗At-Home Stroke Neurorehabilitation: Early Findings with the NeuroExo BCI SystemJ. J. Gonzalez-Espana; L. Sanchez-Rodriguez; M. A. Pacheco-Ramirez; J. Feng; K. Nedley; S. H. Chang; G. E. Francisco; J. L. Contreras-Vidal · Sensors (Basel) · 2025Otherdoi:10.3390/s25051322
- 60DOI ↗Exoskeleton rehabilitation robot training for balance and lower limb function in sub-acute stroke patients: a pilot, randomized controlled trialY. Zhang; W. Zhao; C. Wan; X. Wu; J. Huang; X. Wang; G. Huang; W. Ding; Y. Chen; J. Yang; B. Su; Y. Xu; Z. Zhou; X. Zhang; F. Miao; J. Li; Y. Li · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2024RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-024-01391-0
- 61DOI ↗Clinical study on the safety and feasibility of AiWalker-K for lower limbs exercise rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsyY. Zhang; Z. Hui; W. Qi; J. Zhang; M. Wang; D. Zhu · PLoS One · 2024Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303517
- 62DOI ↗Effectiveness of the A3 robot on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: A prospective, randomized controlled trialL. J. Zhang; X. Wen; Y. Peng; W. Hu; H. Liao; Z. C. Liu; H. Y. Liu · World J Clin Cases · 2024RCTdoi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i24.5523
- 63DOI ↗The effect of body weight-supported Tai Chi Yunshou on upper limb motor function in stroke survivors based on neurobiomechanical analysis: a four-arm, parallel-group, assessors-blind randomized controlled trial protocolL. Zhang; J. Wang; H. Zhou; W. Liao; N. Wang; X. Yu · Front Neurol · 2024RCTdoi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1395164
- 64DOI ↗Effect of robotic exoskeleton training on lower limb function, activity and participation in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ. Yang; Y. Zhu; H. Li; K. Wang; D. Li; Q. Qi · Front Neurol · 2024Meta-analysisdoi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1453781
- 65DOI ↗Effect of a soft exosuit on daily life gait performance in people with incomplete spinal cord injury: study protocol for a randomized controlled trialL. Visch; B. E. Groen; A. C. H. Geurts; I. J. W. van Nes; N. L. W. Keijsers · Trials · 2024RCTdoi:10.1186/s13063-024-08412-2
- 66DOI ↗Perspectives of wheelchair users with chronic spinal cord injury following a walking program using a wearable robotic exoskeletonC. Vincent; F. S. Dumont; M. Rogers; T. Hu; A. Bass; M. Aubertin-Leheudre; A. D. Karelis; S. N. Morin; M. McKerral; C. Duclos; D. H. Gagnon · Disabil Rehabil · 2024Otherdoi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2317994
- 67DOI ↗Exoskeletal-Assisted Walking During Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation Enhances Recovery for Persons with Spinal Cord Injury-A Pilot Randomized Controlled TrialC. Y. Tsai; W. J. Weinrauch; N. Manente; V. Huang; T. N. Bryce; A. M. Spungen · J Neurotrauma · 2024RCTdoi:10.1089/neu.2023.0667
- 68DOI ↗Evidence that robot-assisted gait training modulates neuroplasticity after stroke: An fMRI pilot study based on graph theory analysisZ. Tang; Y. Zhao; X. Sun; Y. Liu; W. Su; T. Liu; X. Zhang; H. Zhang · Brain Res · 2024Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149113
- 69DOI ↗Clinical effects of walking exercise program for older adults applied with an exercise assist robot (Bot Fit): A randomized controlled trialJ. H. Shin; N. Byeon; H. Yu; G. Yun; H. Kim; H. K. Park; D. Kim; H. J. Lee; W. H. Lee · J Bodyw Mov Ther · 2024RCTdoi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.04.056
- 70DOI ↗Robotic locomotor training in a low-resource setting: a randomized pilot and feasibility trialC. Shackleton; R. Evans; S. West; J. Bantjes; L. Swartz; W. Derman; Y. Albertus · Disabil Rehabil · 2024RCTdoi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2245751
- 71DOI ↗Are we there yet?" expectations and experiences with lower limb robotic exoskeletons: a qualitative evaluation of the therapist perspective"N. Postol; J. Barton; L. Wakely; A. Bivard; N. J. Spratt; J. Marquez · Disabil Rehabil · 2024Narrative reviewdoi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2183992
- 72DOI ↗Clinical machine learning predicting best stroke rehabilitation responders to exoskeletal robotic gait rehabilitationS. Park; J. Choi; Y. Kim; J. S. H. You · NeuroRehabilitation · 2024Otherdoi:10.3233/NRE-240070
- 73DOI ↗The rehabilitation robot: factors influencing its use, advantages and limitations in clinical rehabilitationN. Ouendi; R. Hubaut; S. Pelayo; F. Anceaux; L. Wallard · Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol · 2024Otherdoi:10.1080/17483107.2022.2107095
- 74DOI ↗Exercising with a robotic exoskeleton can improve memory and gait in people with Parkinson's disease by facilitating progressive exercise intensityC. A. McGibbon; A. Sexton; P. Gryfe · Sci Rep · 2024Otherdoi:10.1038/s41598-024-54200-y
- 75DOI ↗Restoring of Interhemispheric Symmetry in Patients With Stroke Following Bilateral or Unilateral Robot-Assisted Upper-Limb Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized Controlled TrialM. C. Mauro; A. Fasano; M. Germanotta; L. Cortellini; S. Insalaco; A. Pavan; A. Comanducci; E. Guglielmelli; I. G. Aprile · IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng · 2024RCTdoi:10.1109/TNSRE.2024.3460485
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- 89DOI ↗Efficacy of a Soft Robotic Exoskeleton to Improve Lower Limb Motor Function in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled TrialZ. Hui; W. Qi; Y. Zhang; M. Wang; J. Zhang; D. Li; D. Zhu · Brain Sci · 2024RCTdoi:10.3390/brainsci14050425
- 90DOI ↗Evaluation of the efficacy of a novel lumbar exoskeleton with multiple interventions for patients with lumbar disc herniation: a multicenter randomized controlled trial of non-inferiorityX. Huang; L. Huang; L. Shi; L. Xu; C. Cao; H. Wu; M. Cao; C. Lv; P. Shi; G. Zhang; F. Fang · Front Bioeng Biotechnol · 2024RCTdoi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1520610
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- 94DOI ↗One-Leg Robotic-Assisted Gait Training Efficiently Improves Gait Independence for Acute Stroke Hemiplegic Patients: A Prospective Pilot StudyN. Hishikawa; K. Sawada; H. Maeda; T. Ikeda; S. Ohashi; Y. Mikami · Am J Phys Med Rehabil · 2024Cohort studydoi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000002417
- 95DOI ↗Effects of robot-assisted gait training using the Welwalk on gait independence for individuals with hemiparetic stroke: an assessor-blinded, multicenter randomized controlled trialS. Hirano; E. Saitoh; D. Imoto; T. Ii; T. Tsunoda; Y. Otaka · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2024RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-024-01370-5
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- 102DOI ↗Upper Limb Robots for Recovery of Motor Arm Function in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisL. De Iaco; J. M. Veerbeek; J. C. F. Ket; G. Kwakkel · Neurology · 2024Meta-analysisdoi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000209495
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- 105DOI ↗Usability and Safety of the ATLAS 2030 Robotic Gait Device in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Spinal Muscular AtrophyC. Cumplido-Trasmonte; E. Barquin-Santos; F. Aneiros-Tarancon; A. Plaza-Flores; S. Espinosa-Garcia; R. Fernandez; E. Garcia-Armada · Children (Basel) · 2024Otherdoi:10.3390/children11121500
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- 159DOI ↗Hybrid Assistive Limb improves restricted hip extension after total hip arthroplastyD. Setoguchi; K. Kinoshita; S. Kamada; T. Sakamoto; N. Kise; N. Kotani; K. Goto; E. Shiota; T. Inoue; T. Yamamoto · Assist Technol · 2022Otherdoi:10.1080/10400435.2020.1712498
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- 233DOI ↗What is the impact of robotic rehabilitation on balance and gait outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis? A systematic review of randomized control trialsT. Bowman; E. Gervasoni; A. P. Amico; R. Antenucci; P. Benanti; P. Boldrini; D. Bonaiuti; A. Burini; E. Castelli; F. Draicchio; V. Falabella; S. Galeri; F. Gimigliano; M. Grigioni; S. Mazzon; S. Mazzoleni; F. G. Mestanza Mattos; F. Molteni; G. Morone; M. Petrarca; A. Picelli; F. Posteraro; M. Senatore; G. Turchetti; S. Crea; D. Cattaneo; M. C. Carrozza; C. I. C. G. f. R. Rehabilitation · Eur J Phys Rehabil Med · 2021Systematic reviewdoi:10.23736/S1973-9087.21.06692-2
- 234DOI ↗Robotic Rehabilitation and Multimodal Instrumented Assessment of Post-stroke Elbow Motor Functions-A Randomized Controlled Trial ProtocolA. Pilla; E. Trigili; Z. McKinney; C. Fanciullacci; C. Malasoma; F. Posteraro; S. Crea; N. Vitiello · Front Neurol · 2020RCTdoi:10.3389/fneur.2020.587293
- 235DOI ↗A comparison of the effects and usability of two exoskeletal robots with and without robotic actuation for upper extremity rehabilitation among patients with stroke: a single-blinded randomised controlled pilot studyJ. H. Park; G. Park; H. Y. Kim; J. Y. Lee; Y. Ham; D. Hwang; S. Kwon; J. H. Shin · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2020RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-020-00763-6
- 236DOI ↗Effects of robotic gait training after stroke: A meta-analysisG. Moucheboeuf; R. Griffier; D. Gasq; B. Glize; L. Bouyer; P. Dehail; H. Cassoudesalle · Ann Phys Rehabil Med · 2020Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.rehab.2020.02.008
- 237DOI ↗Effect of robot-assisted gait training on motor functions in adolescent and young adult patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trialS. Klobucka; R. Klobucky; B. Kollar · NeuroRehabilitation · 2020RCTdoi:10.3233/NRE-203102
- 238DOI ↗Effects of selectively assisting impaired subtasks of walking in chronic stroke survivorsS. S. Fricke; H. J. G. Smits; C. Bayon; J. H. Buurke; H. van der Kooij; E. H. F. van Asseldonk · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2020Otherdoi:10.1186/s12984-020-00762-7
- 239DOI ↗Does overground robotic gait training improve non-motor outcomes in patients with chronic stroke? Findings from a pilot studyR. De Luca; G. Maresca; T. Balletta; A. Cannavo; S. Leonardi; D. Latella; M. G. Maggio; S. Portaro; A. Naro; R. S. Calabro · J Clin Neurosci · 2020Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.09.070
- 240DOI ↗Exoskeleton use in post-stroke gait rehabilitation: a qualitative study of the perspectives of persons post-stroke and physiotherapistsJ. Vaughan-Graham; D. Brooks; L. Rose; G. Nejat; J. Pons; K. Patterson · J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2020Qualitativedoi:10.1186/s12984-020-00750-x
- 241DOI ↗Gait training with Achilles ankle exoskeleton in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury subjectsF. Tamburella; N. L. Tagliamonte; M. Masciullo; I. Pisotta; M. Arquilla; E. H. F. van Asseldonk; H. van der Kooij; A. R. Wu; F. Dzeladini; A. J. Ijspeert; M. Molinari · J Biol Regul Homeost Agents · 2020OtherPMID 33386045
- 242DOI ↗Feasibility of integrating robotic exoskeleton gait training in inpatient rehabilitationC. Swank; S. Sikka; S. Driver; M. Bennett; L. Callender · Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol · 2020Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1080/17483107.2019.1587014
- 243DOI ↗Exoskeleton for post-stroke recovery of ambulation (ExStRA): study protocol for a mixed-methods study investigating the efficacy and acceptance of an exoskeleton-based physical therapy program during stroke inpatient rehabilitationD. R. Louie; W. B. Mortenson; M. Durocher; R. Teasell; J. Yao; J. J. Eng · BMC Neurol · 2020Study protocoldoi:10.1186/s12883-020-1617-7
- 244DOI ↗Occupational Employment and Wages: Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Rehabilitation-Related OccupationsU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) · 2024BLS OEWS data documents employment levels and wages for clinicians working with rehabilitation robotics and assistive technology, establishing the industry-side labor market a clinician with exoskeleton training can enter.Othergovernment
- 245DOI ↗FDA allows marketing of first wearable, motorized device that helps people with certain spinal cord injuries to walk (ReWalk) and subsequent 510(k) clearances for Ekso, Indego, HALU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA News Release / 510(k) Database · 2014FDA clearance pathway for powered exoskeletons (ReWalk K131798, Ekso, Indego, HAL) defines the regulated medtech industry segment that hires clinical specialists, trainers, and clinical affairs staff with hands-on exoskeleton credentials.Othergovernment
- 246DOI ↗Powered robotic exoskeletons in post-stroke rehabilitation of gait: a scoping reviewLouie DR, Eng JJ · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · 2016Maps the commercial exoskeleton device landscape (Ekso, ReWalk, Indego, HAL, Lokomat) and the clinician training requirements each vendor mandates, defining the device-specific certification pathway that bridges clinicians into industry clinical-specialist roles.Otherdoi:10.1186/s12984-016-0162-5
- 247DOI ↗Robotic exoskeletons: The current pros and consGorgey AS · World Journal of Orthopedics · 2018Documents the vendor-driven training and certification ecosystem (ReWalk, Ekso, Indego) and the role of certified clinicians as device representatives, clinical educators, and field clinical engineers within the rehabilitation-robotics industry.Otherdoi:10.5312/wjo.v9.i9.112
- 248DOI ↗The Next Generation of Exoskeletons: Lighter, Cheaper Devices Are In the WorksMertz L · IEEE Pulse · 2012Industry analysis of the exoskeleton device sector and its hiring needs for clinically credentialed staff to support sales, training, and regulatory submissions, framing exoskeleton certification as a clinician-to-medtech bridge credential.Otherdoi:10.1109/MPUL.2012.2196086